KAJIAN LITERATUR KEKERASAN SEKSUAL PADA ANAK LAKI-LAKI
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Kekerasan seksual terhadap anak dan remaja laki-laki adalah problem riil di masyarakat namun masih jarang dilaporkan secara khusus. Tujuan dari penulisan kajian literatur ini adalah mengkaji pengungkapan, faktor risiko, dampak kekerasan seksual dan faktor pelindung yang dialami anak laki-laki. Kajian literatur dilakukan melalui penelusuran dalam data base Google scholar, Sciencedirect, Springerlink, Cambridge, Oxford jurnal, dan Proquest dan ditemukan 22 artikel yang memenuhi kriteria seleksi. Metode pendekatan yang dilakukan dalam pencarian literatur dengan cara metode PICOS. Hasil kajian ini menjelaskan temuan tentang faktor risiko, faktor pelindung dan dampak kekerasan seksual yang dialami anak laki-laki. Adapun yang menjadi faktor risiko terjadinya kekerasan seksual pada anak laki-laki adalah kurangnya perhatian dari keluarga, hubungan interpersonal yang buruk, dan faktor yang menambah keparahan adalah stigma sosial dan kendala penyintas untuk mengungkapkan masalahnya. Disamping itu terdapat faktor pelindung yang dapat mengurangi dampak kekerasan seksual adalah adanya dukungan keluarga maupun lingkungan di luar keluarga. Selanjutnya dampak kekerasan seksual yang dialami penyintas anak laki-laki adalah adanya kemungkinan mengalami gangguan mental dan gangguan kepribadian, seperti harga diri yang rendah, depresi, serta masalah dalam hubungan sosial seperti hubungan interpersonal yang terbatas serta gangguan dalam kesehatan reproduksi seperti ejakulasi dini dan disfungsi seksual di kemudian hari. Temuan ini akan menjadi pertimbangan dalam perumusan program yang tepat pada korban kekerasan seksual pada anak laki-laki.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
References
Alaggia, R., & Millington, G. (2008). Male child sexual abuse: A phenomenology of betrayal. Clinical Social Work Journal, 36(3), 265–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10615-007-0144-y.
American Psychological Association. (2014). Understanding child sexual abuse: what is child abuse? Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/pubs/info/brochures/
Brackenridge, C., Bishopp, D., Moussalli, S., & Tapp, J. (2008). The characteristics of sexual abuse in sport: A Multidimensional scaling analysis of events described in media reports. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6(4), 385–406.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006). Adverse childhood experiences study. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/ace/index
Dunlop, B. W., Hill, E., Johnson, B. N., Klein, D. N., Gelenberg, A. J., Rothbaum, B. O., … Kocsis, J. H. (2015). Mediators of sexual functioning and marital quality in chronically depressed adults with and without a history of childhood sexual abuse. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 12(3), 813–823. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12727
Eka Prasetya. (2020). laki-laki dibalik kekerasan dan pelecehan seksual- kami juga seorang-korban. Retrieved from https://ksm.ui.ac.id/laki-laki-di-balik-kekerasan-dan pelecehan-seksual-kami-juga-seorang-korban
Faller, K. C. (2015). Penyalagunaan Seksual pada Anak: Intervensi dan Penanganan (Indonesia,; K. Poerwandari, Ed.). Jakarta: Program Studi Kajian Gender Program Pascasarjana Universitas Indonesia.
Hébert, M., Lavoie, F., & Blais, M. (2014). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder/PTSD in adolescent victims of sexual abuse: resilience and social support as protection factors. Ciencia e Saude Coletiva, 19(3), 685–694. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232014193.15972013
Hébert, M., Smith, K., Caouette, J., Cénat, J. M., Karray, A., Cartierre, N., … Derivois, D. (2021). Prevalence and associated mental health outcomes of child sexual abuse in youth in France: Observations from a convenience sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 282(December 2020), 820–828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.100
Hohendorff, J. Von, Habigzang, L. F., & Koller, S. H. (2017). “A boy, being a victim, nobody really buys that, you know?”: Dynamics of sexual violence against boys. Child Abuse and Neglect, 70(May), 53–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.05.008
Homma, Y., S, M., Wang, N., Ph, D., Saewyc, E., Ph, D., … Ph, D. (2012). The Relationship Between Sexual Abuse and Risky Sexual Behavior Among Adolescent Boys: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51(1), 18–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.12.032
Hounmenou. (2017). An initial exploration of prostitution of boys in the West African region. Child Abuse & Neglect, 69, 188–200.
Ishak, W. W., & Tobia, G. (2013). DSM-5 changes in diagnostic criteria of sexual dysfunctions. Reproductive System & Sexual Disorders, 2(2), 122. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-038X.1000122
Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia. (2017). Kekerasan Seksual Pada Anak Laki-laki Lebih Tinggi dari Perempuan. https://www.kpai.go.id/publikasi/kekerasan-seksual-pada-anak-laki-laki-lebih-tinggi-dari-perempuan
Kruger, T. H. C., Haake, P., Hartmann, U., Schedlowski, M., & Exton, M. S. (2002). Orgasm-induced prolactin secretion: Feedback control of sexual drive? Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 26, 31–44.
Kurniasari, A., Widodo, N., Susantyo, B., & Wismayanti dan Irmayani, Y. F. (2017). Prevalensi Kekerasan Terhadap Anak Laki-Laki Dan Anak Perempuan Di Indonesia Prevalence of Violence Against Boys and Girls in Indonesia. Direvisi: 25 Oktober.
Kusumawati, A., Shaluhiyah, Z., & Suryoputro, A. (2014). Tradisi Kekerasan Seksual sebagai Simbol Kekuasaan pada Anak Jalanan di Kota Semarang. Jurnal Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia, 9(1), 17–31.
Lalor K, & McElvaney R. (2010). Child sexual abuse, links to later sexual exploitation/ high-risk sexual behavior, and prevention/treatment programs. Trauma Violence Abuse, 11(4), 159–177. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524838010378299
Malloy LC, Brubacher, & Lamb ME. (2013). Because she’s one who listens: children discuss disclosure recipients in forensic interviews. Child Maltreat, 18, 245. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077559513497250.
McCabe, Sharlip, I. D., Atalla, E., Balon, R., Fisher, A. D., Edward Laumann, Sun Won Lee, R. L., & Robert T. Segraves. (2016). Definitions of Sexual Dysfunctions in Women and Men: A Consensus Statement From the Fourth International Consultation on Sexual Medicine. Sex J Med, 13, 135–143. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2015.12.019
Montgomery, H. (2007). Child sexual abuse: an Anthropological perspective. In: Rousseau, George ed. Children and Sexuality: The Greeks to the Great War. In Palgrave Macmillan (pp. 319–347). Retrieved from http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?PID=27
Negriff, Schneiderman, Smith, Schreyer, & Tricketta PK. (2013). Characterizing the sexual abuse experiences of young adolescents. Child Abuse Negl, 38(2), 261–270. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.08 .021
Purcell DW, Malow., & Dolezal C, et al. (2004). Sexual abuse of boys: Short- and long-term associations and implications for HIV prevention. In: Koenig LJ, Doll LS, O’Leary A, et al, eds. From child sexual abuse to adult sexual risk: Trauma, revictimization, and intervention. In American Psychological Association (pp. 93–114). Washington, DC.
Reed, L. A., Lawler, S. M., Cosgrove, J. M. C., Tolman, R. M., & Ward, L. M. (2021). “It was a joke:” Patterns in girls’ and boys’ self-reported motivations for digital dating abuse behaviors. Children and Youth Services Review, 122(December 2020), 105883. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105883
Richter, L. M., Mathews, S., Nonterah, E., & Masilela, L. A. (2018). A longitudinal perspective on boys as victims of childhood sexual abuse in South Africa: Consequences for adult mental health. Child Abuse and Neglect, 84(July), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.016
Saewyc, Magee, & Pettingell. (2004). Teenage pregnancy and associated risk behaviors among sexually abused adolescents. Perspect Sex Reprod Health, 36, 98–105.
Samantha Coyle, Weinreb, K. S., Davila, G., & Cuellar, M. (2021). Relationships Matter: The Protective Role of Teacher and Peer Support in Understanding School Climate for Victimized Youth. Child & Youth Care Forum, 51, 181–203.
Schaeffer, Leventhal, & Asnes. (2011). Children’s disclosures of sexual abuse: Learning from direct inquiry. Child Abuse Negl, 35, 343–352.
Steel, J. L., & Herlitz, C. A. (2007). Risk of sexual dysfunction in a randomly selected nonclinical sample of the Swedish population. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 109(3), 663–668. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10 .1097/01.AOG.0000253240.41239.00
Tadele, G. (2009). ‘Unrecognized victims’: Sexual abuse against male street children in Merkato area, Addis Ababa. The Ethiopian Journal of Health Development, 23(3), 174–182.
Umar, N. M., Noviekayati, I., & Saragih, S. (2018). Efektivitas Personal Safety Skill Terhadap Peningkatan Kemampuan Mencegah Kekerasan Seksual pada Anak Ditinjau dari Jenis Kelamin. Jurnal Indigenous, 3(1), 45–50.
Wahyuni Sri. (2018). Penguatan Dukungan Sosial Keluarga Melalui Kelompok Home Sharing Dalam Penanganan Anak Korban Kekerasan Seksual Di Kampung Tajurhalang Kabupaten Cianjur Prov. Jawa Barat. Pekerjaan Sosial, 17(1), 78–103. https://doi.org/10.31595/peksos.v17i1.130
Ward, T., & Beech, A. (2006). An integrated theory of sexual offending. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 11(1), 44–63. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2005.05.002
Waters, T. E. A., Ruiz, S. K., & Roisman, G. I. (2017). Origins of secure base script knowledge and the developmental construction of attachment representations. Child Development, 88(1), 198–209. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12571