ZAKAT DAN KEDERMAWANAN SEBAGAI BENTUK PARTISIPASI MASYARAKAT DALAM PERLINDUNGAN SOSIAL SELAMA PANDEMI: ULASAN LITERATUR SISTEMATIK
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Abstract
Serangan COVID-19 telah memperlambat akselerasi ekonomi di sejumlah negara, termasuk Indonesia. Perubahan ekonomi yang dramatis jelas mempengaruhi kinerja negara, terutama dalam mengatasi kemiskinan. Pembatasan mobilitas masyarakat oleh pemerintah untuk menekan penyebaran COVID-19 secara tidak langsung telah menciptakan angka kemiskinan baru. Penelitian ini bersifat kualitatif dengan penekanan pada Systematic Literature Review melalui pengumpulan data sekunder. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis sejauh mana partisipasi masyarakat dalam membantu pemerintah dalam menangani permasalahan sosial dan ekonomi yang diakibatkan oleh COVID-19. Temuan penelitian ini adalah, selama masa pandemi, pemerintah masih dan akan terus mengandalkan program perlindungan sosial dalam menangani COVID-19. Selain perlindungan sosial, Indonesia yang dikenal sebagai negara dengan mayoritas penduduk muslim, memiliki instrumen keagamaan yaitu Zakat yang juga berfungsi untuk mengentaskan kemiskinan. Zakat merupakan instrumen yang potensial untuk mendukung pemerintah dalam menanggulangi kemiskinan, asalkan dapat dikelola dengan baik. Selain itu, masyarakat Indonesia juga dikenal dengan tingkat kedermawanannya yang tinggi, sehingga ketika pemerintah belum menyentuh masyarakat dengan bantuan sosialnya, akan selalu ada kelompok masyarakat lain yang berinisiatif untuk mulai saling membantu. COVID-19 menunjukkan bahwa partisipasi masyarakat dengan kedermawanan melalui instrumen keagamaan seperti zakat, maupun non-keagamaan telah mampu menciptakan pola perlindungan sosial yang dapat meringankan kewajiban pemerintah. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah harus lebih mengoptimalkan lagi potensi yang dimiliki oleh zakat melalui kolaborasi lintas sektor demi memperkuat program perlindungan sosial.
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